Infographic ENHANCEMENTS

 

Infographic SENTENCE STARTERs (OPENERs)

 

Infographic Building Blocks

Comma Queen & (4)s

 

ePanalePsis & Diacope

 ePanalePsis  (ep-uh-nuh-lep-sis)  bookends

Repeats a similar grouping of words at the beginning of a clause or  sentence and at the end of that same clause or sentence (with words intervening). 

The repeated words act as bookends.

🌸 Blow winds and crack your cheeks! Rake, blow!   King Lear, William Shakespeare

🌸 Rejoice in the Lord always; and again I say, Rejoice.     Philippians 4:4

🌸 The king is dead, long live the king!

The repeated words act as bookends, driving the point home.                                            

An epanalepsis does not have to be exactly alike.  In fact, epanalepsis can often benefit from having slightly different wording, as the slight change can make it feel more natural and less calculated.   

An epanalepsis It does not have to be identical. It must be extremely close in meaning though.                                

🌸 No matter where I end up, I never seem to feel any different or any better—no matter where I land.  

It can also be within a longer sentence.            

🌸 He smiled the most exquisite smile, veiled by memory, tinged by dreams. To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf   

A good mnemonic for epanalepsis is to remember that "p" appears toward the beginning of the word, and is repeated again at the end (ePanalePsis).

Is it an epanalepsis ⇧ or a diacope⇩?  An epanalepsis and a diacope both have repetition, but the diacope doesn't vary in form the way the epanalepsis can. With a diacope, the same initial word or phrase is repeated after a short number of intervening words. 

Diacope is from the Greek meaning “cut in two.”  It is similar to an epanalepsis.
In the epanalepsis, the repeated words are at the beginning and end of a sentence. In a diacope the repetition of a word or phrase broken up by another word or words.  It is "a verbal sandwich."   Ever heard, “Bond, James Bond”?  This James Bond line is the ultimate example of how this simple OWL, the diacope/epanalepsis, is remarkably effective.

Diacopes (close to an epizeuxis except there is a break  between repeated words /phrases):                                                🌸 Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.  ~Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina,  1877                                                                                
🌸 “They will laugh, indeed they will laugh, at his parchment and his wax.” ~Edmund Burke, 1796

Here are examples that are both diacope AND epanalepsis:

🌸 Justice—that’s all I ask—justice.”  ~Denzel Washington in The Hurricane (1999)                                                                                                                                                                           🌸 Always Low Prices. Always     WalMart slogan                                                                              

🌸 Run, Forrest, run! 

Who/Which Clause (w/w)

Short Version:

When do you use “who”? – When talking about people. 

When do you use “which”? – When talking about things. 

How do I indicate a who/which clause? 

Underline and bold only the who or which, not the whole clause. 

Remember! A who/which clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. The complete sentence must have 2 parts to it! The w/w is part of sentence

If you do not completely understand, read the important DETAILS below . . . .

Clause: A group of words that has both a subject and a verb. 

A “who or which” clause is simply a group of words that begins with who or which and has a verb in it. (The who or which is the subject of the clause.) 

When do you use “who”? – When talking about people. 

When do you use “which”? – When talking about things. 

What about animals? If they act like humans or are pets, use “who.” If they are clearly animals, use “which.” 

To indicate the who/which clause: Underline and bold only the who or which, not the whole clause. If you have more than one, indicate only one in every paragraph or as stipulated in the assignment. 

Two ways to form: 

1. Take two sentences that begin with the same subject and turn one into a “who” or “which” clause.

 Examples: 

The yellow-bellied sapsucker is native to Canada and the northern United States. It destroys young trees by sucking sap from the branches. 

The yellow-bellied sapsucker, which is native to Canada and the northern United States, destroys young trees by sucking sap from the branches. 

John Smith knew how to trade with the Indians for food. He helped save Jamestown. 

John Smith, who knew how to trade with the Indians for food, helped save Jamestown.

2. Take a noun (person or thing) and add information to it in the form of a “who” or “which” clause. 

Examples: 

The lion was most grateful for the appearance of the little mouse. 

The lion, who felt he would never be able to disentangle himself from the hunter’s net, was most grateful for the appearance of the little mouse. 

John Smith made a clever rule. 

John Smith, who helped to save Jamestown, made a clever rule. 

CRUCIAL: Don’t let your “who” or “which” try to be a sentence by itself! 

The disheveled princess stood dripping. 

The disheveled princess, who stood dripping. (What’s wrong with this?) 

A who/which clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. 

The “who/which” clause is one of several kinds of dependent clauses. This one is an adjective clause because the entire clause describes a noun and therefore follows a noun. 

Grammar Rule #10: 

The who/which clause is usually set off by commas. If you take it out of the sentence, you should still have a sentence left. To check: If you remove the who or which clause, do you still have a sentence that can stand alone and make sense? 

The disheveled young woman, who stood at the door with water dripping down her back and into her shoes, claimed Princess Authenticity. 

If we remove the highlighted “who” clause, it is still a complete sentence: The disheveled young woman claimed Princess Authenticity. 

Prepositional Opener (2)

 

A  (2) is a sentence that starts with a prepositional phrase. They are easy to write! 

Most of the time, when you start a sentence with a preposition, it will be part of a prepositional phrase. It is built into our language.

(2) Along the edge of the box, the frog carefully hopped.

(2) Beneath the box the frog burrowed.

(2) Inside the box the frog hides from predators.

(2) Past the box the frog raced to snatch the fly.

Let’s talk a bit about punctuation. Looking at the sample sentences above, you will note that the first sentence has a comma while the other three do not. 

In general, a prepositional phrase of four to five words or more takes a comma. If there are fewer than four or five, however, the comma is optional. 

MORE EXAMPLES OF (2)s

(2) Underneath the heavy wooden table, the terrified puppy hid.

(2) In the doctor’s office, the bandaged man waited.

(2) At 6:45 a.m., my train leaves the station.

(2) Under the railway bridge, hikers huddled close together to stay safe and dry while the hurricane raged.

(2) Above the treetops the drone zipped and dove as the people on the ground watched in awe.

Here is a great list of prepositions to use in (2) OPENERS:

above

after
along
among
around
at

before
behind
beneath
beyond
by
down
for
from
in

inside
into
near
on
out
over

past
throughout
to
under
up
with
within

BEWARE the infinitive verb. It is NOT a (2).

Examples:

To start the day, she always had a cup of dark roasted coffee.

To be, or not to be, that is the question.